{"id":451,"date":"2018-03-07T21:11:45","date_gmt":"2018-03-07T21:11:45","guid":{"rendered":""},"modified":"2019-07-17T01:42:26","modified_gmt":"2019-07-16T22:42:26","slug":"451","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/stj-sy.org\/en\/451\/","title":{"rendered":"International Women\u2019s Day: The Place of Women in the Syrian Conflict"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Introduction:<\/strong><\/span> The celebration of International Women\u2019s Day falls within a discussion on the role of women in societies worldwide, on their achievements, and on the protection they deserve, including in the context of a conflict.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 A brief history of International Women\u2019s Day<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Each year, on 8 March, International Women\u2019s Day celebrates women\u2019s achievements in social, economic, cultural and political areas.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The first commemoration of a Woman\u2019s Day was organised across the United States in 1909, at a time when women fought for their rights to vote and equal rights.Women such as Charlotte Perkins Gilman and Leonora O\u2019Reilly addressed the crowd, explaining their demands.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 In 1910, during a meeting of the Socialist International in Copenhagen, Luise Ziets and Clara Zetkin, two German advocates for women\u2019s rights, suggested the establishment of an International Woman\u2019s Day. <em><u>Thus, in 1911, the first International Woman\u2019s Day was held<\/u><\/em>, and aimed at circulating the idea of equal rights and the demand regarding the right to vote. Celebrations took place in cities such as New York, Boston, Vienna or Berlin, and gathered more than one million women and men. The popularity of the celebration later on spread around Europe and as far as Russia, where, on the eve of the Revolution, a massive demonstration, made up of women for the most part, took place to protest against harsh living conditions.<a title=\"\" href=\"#_ftn1\" name=\"_ftnref1\"><sup><sup>[1]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 On the occasion of the International Women\u2019s Year, the <a href=\"http:\/\/www.un.org\/en\/index.html\">United Nations<\/a> consecrated the International Women\u2019s Day in 1975 and two years later adopted a resolution proclaiming a United Nations Day for Women\u2019s Rights and International Peace. It is now celebrated in more than 100 countries.<a title=\"\" href=\"#_ftn2\" name=\"_ftnref2\"><sup><sup>[2]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>CEDAW and other treaties in favour of women\u2019s rights<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The international community later on affirmed its commitment to promoting gender equality, and entered into a series of agreements to this aim. The 1979 \u00a0Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW), adopted by the UN General Assembly, defines a discrimination against women as \u201cany distinction, exclusion or restriction made on the basis of sex [\u2026] in the political, economic, social, cultural, civil or any other field,\u201d and establishes an agenda in order to fight it and ensure that women fully enjoy the rights proclaimed.<a title=\"\" href=\"#_ftn3\" name=\"_ftnref3\"><sup><sup>[3]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a> The treaty is often referred to as an international bill of rights for women.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 In 1995, the Beijing\u00a0Fourth World Conference on Women concluded with the Beijing Declaration reaffirming the governments\u2019 commitment to equal rights, and a Platform for Action proclaiming women\u2019s rights as human rights and planning specific actions to implement them.<a title=\"\" href=\"#_ftn4\" name=\"_ftnref4\"><sup><sup>[4]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 In 2010, the United Nations General Assembly unanimously agreed to merge four UN entities dedicated to gender equality and created UN Women, the agency working for the empowerment of women.<a title=\"\" href=\"#_ftn5\" name=\"_ftnref5\"><sup><sup>[5]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><strong>Women in War<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">Women are particularly vulnerable in situations of conflict. They are victims of sexual violence, forced to flee, facing extreme poverty and deprived of healthcare.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0In 2000, the United Nations Security Council adopted Resolution 1325 on Women, Peace and Security (WPS).<a title=\"\" href=\"#_ftn6\" name=\"_ftnref6\"><sup><sup>[6]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a> Not only did the resolution recognise the particular impact of war on women, especially victims of sexual violence and of its aftermath. The resolution also highlighted the need to increase women\u2019s participation in peace processes to improve their effectiveness. The landmark resolution was acclaimed by women activists, and was implemented in several ways. Thus, for instance, since the adoption of the resolution:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">The International Criminal Court addressed sexual violence;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">The Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women adopted General Recommendation 30 on women in conflict prevention, conflict and post-conflict situations, providing states who have signed the CEDAW with concrete measures to ensure women\u2019s rights are protected before, during and after conflict;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">More women are part of peace processes.<a title=\"\" href=\"#_ftn7\" name=\"_ftnref7\"><sup><sup>[7]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 However, the impact of war on women remains considerable, and their participation in peace processes marginal.<\/span>\n<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>The impact of war on Syrian women<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Syrian women have suffered a heavy toll from the war. In its 15<sup>th<\/sup> report published on 6 March 2018, the <a href=\"http:\/\/www.ohchr.org\/EN\/HRBodies\/HRC\/IICISyria\/Pages\/IndependentInternationalCommission.aspx\">Independent International Commission of Inquiry on the Syrian Arab Republic<\/a> noted that \u201cArbitrary arrests, enforced disappearances, torture, and sexual and gender-based violence have all been used against thousands of persons in detention.\u201d<a title=\"\" href=\"#_ftn8\" name=\"_ftnref8\"><sup><sup>[8]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a> A 2014 report by Human Rights Watch already exposed that women were \u201carbitrarily arrested and detained, physically abused, harassed, and tortured during Syria\u2019s conflict by government forces, pro-government militias, and armed groups opposed to the government\u201d, and the situation since then has made more victims by day.<a title=\"\" href=\"#_ftn9\" name=\"_ftnref9\"><sup><sup>[9]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a>\u00a0 Regardless of their religion, ethnicity or their role in the conflict, women experiment violence specifically because of their gender. In its 2017 Report on Conflict-Related Sexual Violence, the UN Secretary General noted, for the third year running, that sexual violence was used by \u201cparties to the Syrian conflict as a systematic tactic of warfare, terrorism and torture\u201d.<a title=\"\" href=\"#_ftn10\" name=\"_ftnref10\"><sup><sup>[10]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a><\/span>\n<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>Arbitrary detention and sexual violence in detention by the Syrian regime<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Since the early stages of the conflict, women have engaged in peaceful activism. The Syrian government then started campaigns of arbitrary detentions targeting female activists.<a title=\"\" href=\"#_ftn11\" name=\"_ftnref11\"><sup><sup>[11]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a> Later on, the Syrian government also engaged in a campaign of arbitrary detention of women to put pressure on opposition fighters, arresting them at check points or raiding their homes.<a title=\"\" href=\"#_ftn12\" name=\"_ftnref12\"><sup><sup>[12]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The conditions of their detention are alarming. The recourse to sexual violence in detention centres run by intelligence agencies is widespread and takes various forms, from degrading body searches to rape and forced witnessing of rape.<a title=\"\" href=\"#_ftn13\" name=\"_ftnref13\"><sup><sup>[13]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The political use of sexual violence by the regime is organised and takes into account the social and cultural environment of the Syrian society. Even when they are released, the stigma of what they have or supposedly have endured causes a profound humiliation to the women and their relatives. Consequently, the victims are often rejected by their family, sometimes even killed.<a title=\"\" href=\"#_ftn14\" name=\"_ftnref14\"><sup><sup>[14]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a> Families, themselves, are rejected by the community, creating a deep impact on the Syrian society as a whole.<a title=\"\" href=\"#_ftn15\" name=\"_ftnref15\"><sup><sup>[15]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a><\/span>\n<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\" value=\"2\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>Sexual and gender-based violence committed by ISIS<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">Genocidal sexual violence against the Yazidi community<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Considered as \u201cdevil-worshippers\u201d by the Islamic State, the Yazidi community was targeted for their belief in a campaign that amounted, according to the United Nations Independent International Commission of Inquiry on the Syrian Arab Republic, to a genocide,<a title=\"\" href=\"#_ftn16\" name=\"_ftnref16\"><sup><sup>[16]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a> an international crime defined by the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide as a range of acts, from harming to killing \u201cwith intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group, as such\u201d.<a title=\"\" href=\"#_ftn17\" name=\"_ftnref17\"><sup><sup>[17]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a> Women and men were treated differently, but the combination of both treatment, with the intent to destroy the group, is what amounts to the crime of genocide.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The campaign organised by the Islamic State against Yazidis was meticulously planned: when ISIS members invaded a Yazidi village, men and adolescent boys were separated from women and children, and targeted for execution.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Women, on the other hand, faced sexual violence in various forms, including rape and sexual enslavement, in \u201can assault on the victim, and on the existence, identity, and cohesiveness of the group.\u201d<a title=\"\" href=\"#_ftn18\" name=\"_ftnref18\"><sup><sup>[18]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Survivors from the Yazidi community described for<em> Syrians for Truth and Justice<\/em> the journey they went through and the violence they suffered during their detention by ISIS. By all accounts, they suffered sexual and gendered-use violence because of their religion.<a title=\"\" href=\"#_ftn19\" name=\"_ftnref19\"><sup><sup>[19]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">Sexual and gender-based violence against other minorities<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 In their expansion, ISIS also committed violence against other minority and in particular against the women. The Assyrian Christian community was heavily affected. A survivor recounted to <em>Syrians for Truth and Justice<\/em> how she was kidnapped by ISIS in August 2014 and the captivity she went through for three years, recollecting precise events of sexual violence. <a title=\"\" href=\"#_ftn20\" name=\"_ftnref20\">[20]<\/a><\/span>\n<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\" value=\"3\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>Use of women as bargaining chip by opposition groups and Syrian government<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 On every side of the conflict, exchanging civilians as part of deals has become common.<a title=\"\" href=\"#_ftn21\" name=\"_ftnref21\"><sup><sup>[21]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a> Especially, the recourse to kidnapping women in order to gain weight in a negotiation has increased.<a title=\"\" href=\"#_ftn22\" name=\"_ftnref22\"><sup><sup>[22]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a> Holding women captives seems to be part of a strategy when exchanging hostages or in exchange of food and aids. In a non-systemic and sometimes event secret way, all sides seem to have adopted the strategy, condemning women to spend months in jails suffering poor treatment.<a title=\"\" href=\"#_ftn23\" name=\"_ftnref23\"><sup><sup>[23]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a><br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\" value=\"4\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>Refugee camps<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The burden of war on women does not lighten when they leave the unsafe environment of their homeland and seek refuge in refugee camps.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">When they get there, they face a high risk of sexual violence due to several factors, such as:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">a lack of privacy (in tents or in latrines),<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">overcrowding and mixing of people who do not know each other,<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">poverty and financial desperation,<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">and lawlessness.<a title=\"\" href=\"#_ftn24\" name=\"_ftnref24\"><strong><sup><strong><sup>[24]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/strong><\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The perpetrators are not only among the male population living in the camps, but also among aid workers, who exploit the women in return for aid.<a title=\"\" href=\"#_ftn25\" name=\"_ftnref25\"><strong><sup><strong><sup>[25]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/strong><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 As a consequence, being aware of the risk, women are prevented from accessing services and humanitarian aid, aggravating even more their situation.<\/span>\n<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\" value=\"5\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>Poverty<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">The war also shapes the economic role women are now expected to assert, as a consequence of the death of men. One of <em>Syrians for Truth and Justice\u2019s<\/em> female reporter based in Damascus, an area controlled by the regime, explained the new role asserted by women in the Syrian society and the financial difficulties they are facing now that they tend to be the breadwinners of their family:<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 42.5pt; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u201cBecause of the circumstances of the war, many girls are the sole breadwinners of their families; they were forced to work in fields where women did not work before the war, in addition to accepting exploitative labor conditions, not to mention the significant increase in the percentage of girls whose marriage was delayed and the high incidence of divorce.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">Women face similar situations throughout Syria, regardless of the authority controlling their area. Another of our female reporters based in an autonomous-administration controlled area tells us:<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 42.5pt; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u201cWomen are doing a lot of work being in the field of education or even in the combat works because of the emigration of many young males.\u201d<\/span>\n<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>The active role of women in Syria\u2019s society<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Despite the disproportionate impact of the conflict on women, it would be erroneous to dismiss their powerful action and the role they assert in the society. They play an essential role in civil resistance and community organising.<\/span><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>Women activists<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 From the early stages of the conflict, women took an essential part in activism. Some created organisations aimed at supporting women through displacements or encourage their participation in civil society, others are active on social media to depict the abuses committed by all parties to the conflict, and others protest the brutality of parties to the conflict by standing in the streets.<a title=\"\" href=\"#_ftn26\" name=\"_ftnref26\"><em><sup><strong><sup>[26]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/em><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 A <em>Syrians for Truth and Justice <\/em>reporter gives an account of the organisation demonstrated by women in Eastern Ghouta:<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 42.5pt; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u201cIn cooperation between several actors and some women in Eastern Ghouta, we were able to form an entity rather than an individual response to the violation, this entity could gain support from the vice-Chairman of the Interim Government and the Council of Damascus countryside to achieve some of the rights of women at all levels.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\" value=\"2\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>In media and documentation<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Women take an active part in informing the public on the events taking place in Syria, often taking enormous risks. Their essential role in this field includes creating newspapers, writing and forming women to journalism.<a title=\"\" href=\"#_ftn27\" name=\"_ftnref27\"><sup><sup>[27]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">Female reporters contribute importantly to <em>Syrians for Truth and Justice\u2019<\/em>s work. Two of them currently give account of the events taking place in Eastern Ghouta and part of Northern Syria.<\/span><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\" value=\"3\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>Nurses and doctors<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 In a strategy to pressure the community, it appears that the Syrian regimes has deliberately started targeting health centres, that became highly risky places.<a title=\"\" href=\"#_ftn28\" name=\"_ftnref28\"><em><sup><strong><sup>[28]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/em><\/a> Despite the risk, women continue to provide health services to civilians, as nurses and doctors.<a title=\"\" href=\"#_ftn29\" name=\"_ftnref29\"><em><sup><strong><sup>[29]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/em><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Conclusion<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Women\u2019s experience of war is significantly impactful, for them as individuals, but also for the society. It is essential to address the violence they are victims of because of their gender, and to situate this type of violence in the broader context of the historical condition of women in the structure of the society. It is also imperative, in the light of the failing peace process that has been taking place for years in the Syrian context, to implement their right to participate, which has proven to bring better outcomes to peace negotiations and post-conflict rebuilding.<a title=\"\" href=\"#_ftn30\" name=\"_ftnref30\">[30]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<div>\n<hr align=\"left\" size=\"1\" width=\"33%\" \/>\n<div id=\"ftn1\">\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><a title=\"\" href=\"#_ftnref1\" name=\"_ftn1\"><sup><sup>[1]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a> The University of Chicago, International Women&#8217;s Day History. <a href=\"https:\/\/iwd.uchicago.edu\/page\/international-womens-day-history%231909%2520The%2520First%2520National%2520Woman's%2520Day%2520in%2520the%2520US\">https:\/\/iwd.uchicago.edu\/page\/international-womens-day-history#1909%20The%20First%20National%20Woman&#8217;s%20Day%20in%20the%20US<\/a>; Liliane Kandel and Fran\u00e7oise Picq<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\">Le mythe des origines, \u00e0 propos de la journ\u00e9e internationale des femmes, La Revue d\u2019En face, n\u00b0\u00a012, automne 1982<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"ftn2\">\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><a title=\"\" href=\"#_ftnref2\" name=\"_ftn2\"><sup><sup>[2]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a> International Women\u2019s Day History, United Nations. <a href=\"http:\/\/www.un.org\/en\/events\/womensday\/history.shtml\">http:\/\/www.un.org\/en\/events\/womensday\/history.shtml<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"ftn3\">\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><a title=\"\" href=\"#_ftnref3\" name=\"_ftn3\"><sup><sup>[3]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a> Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, New York, 18 December 1979. <a href=\"http:\/\/www.ohchr.org\/Documents\/ProfessionalInterest\/cedaw.pdf\">http:\/\/www.ohchr.org\/Documents\/ProfessionalInterest\/cedaw.pdf<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"ftn4\">\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><a title=\"\" href=\"#_ftnref4\" name=\"_ftn4\"><sup><sup>[4]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a> Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action, Beijing, 15 September 1995. <a href=\"http:\/\/www.un.org\/womenwatch\/daw\/beijing\/pdf\/BDPfA%2520E.pdf\">http:\/\/www.un.org\/womenwatch\/daw\/beijing\/pdf\/BDPfA%20E.pdf<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"ftn5\">\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><a title=\"\" href=\"#_ftnref5\" name=\"_ftn5\"><sup><sup>[5]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a> United Nations Press Release, New York, 2 July 2010. <a href=\"http:\/\/www.unwomen.org\/-\/media\/headquarters\/media\/stories\/en\/unwomenpressrelease201007021pdf.pdf?la=en&amp;vs=1049\">http:\/\/www.unwomen.org\/-\/media\/headquarters\/media\/stories\/en\/unwomenpressrelease201007021pdf.pdf?la=en&amp;vs=1049<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"ftn6\">\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><a title=\"\" href=\"#_ftnref6\" name=\"_ftn6\"><sup><sup>[6]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a> United Nations Security Council Resolution 1325 (2000) on Women, Peace and Security, New York, 31 October 2000. <a href=\"http:\/\/www.un.org\/womenwatch\/osagi\/cdrom\/documents\/Background_Paper_Africa.pdf\">http:\/\/www.un.org\/womenwatch\/osagi\/cdrom\/documents\/Background_Paper_Africa.pdf<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"ftn7\">\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><a title=\"\" href=\"#_ftnref7\" name=\"_ftn7\"><sup><sup>[7]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a> Radhika Coomaraswamy et al., Preventing Conflict, Transforming Justice, Securing the Peace A Global Study on the Implementation of United Nations Security Council Resolution 1325 (New York: UN Women, 2015), 15.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"ftn8\">\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><a title=\"\" href=\"#_ftnref8\" name=\"_ftn8\"><sup><sup>[8]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a> 15th mandate report of the Independent International Commission of Inquiry on the Syrian Arab Republic. 6 March 2018. <a href=\"http:\/\/www.ohchr.org\/EN\/HRBodies\/HRC\/IICISyria\/Pages\/Documentation.aspx\">http:\/\/www.ohchr.org\/EN\/HRBodies\/HRC\/IICISyria\/Pages\/Documentation.aspx<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"ftn9\">\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><a title=\"\" href=\"#_ftnref9\" name=\"_ftn9\"><sup><sup>[9]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a> Syria: War\u2019s Toll on Women: <em>Activists, Others Detained and Abused by All Sides in the Conflict<\/em><em>. <\/em>Human Rights Watch, 2 July 2014. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/news\/2014\/07\/02\/syria-wars-toll-women\">https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/news\/2014\/07\/02\/syria-wars-toll-women<\/a> \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"ftn10\">\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><a title=\"\" href=\"#_ftnref10\" name=\"_ftn10\"><sup><sup>[10]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a> Report of the Secretary-General on Conflict-Related Sexual Violence, 15 April 2017, s\/2017\/249. <a href=\"http:\/\/www.un.org\/en\/events\/elimination-of-sexual-violence-in-conflict\/pdf\/1494280398.pdf\">http:\/\/www.un.org\/en\/events\/elimination-of-sexual-violence-in-conflict\/pdf\/1494280398.pdf<\/a> \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"ftn11\">\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><a title=\"\" href=\"#_ftnref11\" name=\"_ftn11\"><sup><sup>[11]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a> Sema Nassar Detention of Women in Syria: <em>A weapon of war and terror<\/em><em>. <\/em>Copenhagen: The Euro-Mediterranean Human Rights Network (EMHRN), 2015. <a href=\"https:\/\/euromedrights.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/06\/EMHRN_Womenindetention_EN.pdf\">https:\/\/euromedrights.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/06\/EMHRN_Womenindetention_EN.pdf<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"ftn12\">\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><a title=\"\" href=\"#_ftnref12\" name=\"_ftn12\"><sup><sup>[12]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a> <em>Ibid<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"ftn13\">\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><a title=\"\" href=\"#_ftnref13\" name=\"_ftn13\"><sup><sup>[13]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a> Marie Forestier. \u201cYou want freedom? this is your freedom\u201d: <em>rape as a tactic of the Assad regime<\/em>. LSE Centre for Women, Peace and Security Working Paper Series, Kirby, Paul and Shepherd, Laura J. (eds.) 3\/2017. Centre for Women, Peace &amp; Security, London, UK.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"ftn14\">\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><a title=\"\" href=\"#_ftnref14\" name=\"_ftn14\"><sup><sup>[14]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a>\u00a0 Voices from Syria 2018: <em>Assessment Findings of the Humanitarian Needs Overview<\/em><em>.<\/em> Gender-based Violence Area of Responsibility, 2018. https:\/\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/system\/files\/documents\/files\/2017-12_voices_from_syria_2nd_edition.pdf<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"ftn15\">\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><a title=\"\" href=\"#_ftnref15\" name=\"_ftn15\"><sup><sup>[15]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a>\u00a0 Sema Nassar Detention of Women in Syria: A weapon of war and terror. Copenhagen: The Euro-Mediterranean Human Rights Network (EMHRN), 2015. <a href=\"https:\/\/euromedrights.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/06\/EMHRN_Womenindetention_EN.pdf\">https:\/\/euromedrights.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/06\/EMHRN_Womenindetention_EN.pdf<\/a>; Marie Forestier. \u201cYou want freedom? this is your freedom\u201d: <em>rape as a tactic of the Assad regime<\/em>. LSE Centre for Women, Peace and Security Working Paper Series, Kirby, Paul and Shepherd, Laura J. (eds.) 3\/2017. Centre for Women, Peace &amp; Security, London, UK.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"ftn16\">\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><a title=\"\" href=\"#_ftnref16\" name=\"_ftn16\"><sup><sup>[16]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a> United Nations Commission of Inquiry on Syria, \u201cThey came to destroy\u201d: ISIS Crimes Against the Yazidis, 15 June 2016. <a href=\"http:\/\/www.ohchr.org\/Documents\/HRBodies\/HRCouncil\/CoISyria\/A_HRC_32_CRP.2_en.pdf\">http:\/\/www.ohchr.org\/Documents\/HRBodies\/HRCouncil\/CoISyria\/A_HRC_32_CRP.2_en.pdf<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"ftn17\">\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><a title=\"\" href=\"#_ftnref17\" name=\"_ftn17\"><sup><sup>[17]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a> Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, New York, <a href=\"https:\/\/treaties.un.org\/doc\/publication\/unts\/volume%252078\/volume-78-i-1021-english.pdf\">https:\/\/treaties.un.org\/doc\/publication\/unts\/volume%2078\/volume-78-i-1021-english.pdf<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"ftn18\">\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><a title=\"\" href=\"#_ftnref18\" name=\"_ftn18\"><sup><sup>[18]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a> Sareta Ashraph, Acts of Annihilation. The Cairo Review of Global Affairs, Winter 2017. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecairoreview.com\/essays\/gender-and-genocide\/\">https:\/\/www.thecairoreview.com\/essays\/gender-and-genocide\/<\/a> ; \u201cFour Years of Darkness\u201d: <em>Testimony of Widad Dawood the Yazidi Survivor from Islamic State-ISIS Grip<\/em><em>. <\/em>Syrians for Truth and Justice, 2017. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.stj-sy.org\/en\/view\/393\">https:\/\/www.stj-sy.org\/en\/view\/393<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"ftn19\">\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><a title=\"\" href=\"#_ftnref19\" name=\"_ftn19\">[19]<\/a> They Forced me to do Everything ! <em>Horrifying Testimonies of Yazidi Survivors Escaped Recently from ISIS Grip<\/em><em>. <\/em>Syrians for Truth and Justice, 21 January 2018. <a href=\"https:\/\/stj-sy.org\/en\/view\/397\">https:\/\/stj-sy.org\/en\/view\/397<\/a>; Four Years of Darkness: <em>Testimony of Widad Dawood the Yazidi Survivor from Islamic State-ISIS Grip<\/em><em>.<\/em> Syrians for Truth and Justice, 21 January 2018. <\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Introduction: The celebration of International Women\u2019s Day falls within a discussion on the role of women in societies worldwide, on their achievements, and on the protection they deserve, including in&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":16,"featured_media":1675,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"link","meta":{"_lmt_disableupdate":"","_lmt_disable":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[2],"tags":[31,126,172],"class_list":["post-451","post","type-post","status-publish","format-link","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-investigative-reports","tag-Gender-Equality","tag-Sexual-and-Gender-Based-Violence","tag-Syria","post_format-post-format-link"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.8 - 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