{"id":25932,"date":"2024-09-12T18:25:40","date_gmt":"2024-09-12T15:25:40","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/stj-sy.org\/the-cost-of-water-hasakah-women-harassed-exploited-by-service-providers\/"},"modified":"2024-09-12T18:39:11","modified_gmt":"2024-09-12T15:39:11","slug":"the-cost-of-water-hasakah-women-harassed-exploited-by-service-providers","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/stj-sy.org\/en\/the-cost-of-water-hasakah-women-harassed-exploited-by-service-providers\/","title":{"rendered":"The cost of water: Hasakah women harassed, exploited by service providers"},"content":{"rendered":"

Simav Hesen, QAMISHLI \u2014 Up until March 2023, Marwa, 30, had a routine. Every week, she and her sister took turns collecting water from a public tank in Hasakah city\u2019s al-Nashwa neighborhood and carrying it home. That only changed after she experienced an incident of harassment.<\/span><\/p>\n

Last March, Marwa set out to collect 100 liters of water\u2014the quota for each household in her neighborhood\u2014from the tank, which is filled by an international relief organization to provide water free of cost.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Marwa had carried the first 50 liters home and returned to the line of waiting women when the monitor, an employee assigned by the organization to supervise distribution, approached her and told her to \u201cmake way\u201d for others because she already took her share, she recalled. She explained to him that she could not carry the full amount in one trip.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Continuing to wait, \u201cI felt as though the monitor was trying to stand uncomfortably close to me. Then he caressed my hand,\u201d Marwa told <\/span>Syria Direct<\/span><\/i>. Considering the incident \u201csexual harassment,\u201d she \u201cleft and returned home, without getting the second batch.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

Marwa, like other women in Syria\u2019s northeastern Hasakah city who were interviewed for this report, asked to be identified by her first name only.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Standing in line for water provided by humanitarian organizations or paying out of pocket to private water truck drivers is a feature of life in parched Hasakah city. For years, Turkey and the Syrian forces it backs have <\/span>used<\/span><\/a> water \u201cas a weapon\u201d by manipulating the flow of water from the Alouk water station in Ras al-Ain (Serekaniye), which pumps water to Hasakah.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

In October 2019, Ankara and opposition Syrian National Army (SNA) factions <\/span>launched<\/span><\/a> Operation Peace Spring, targeting areas controlled by the Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF). The attacking forces ultimately took control of Ras al-Ain (Serekaniye) in Hasakah province and Tal Abyad in Raqqa province.<\/span><\/p>\n

With opposing forces in control of Hasakah\u2019s water supply, a new task fell on the shoulders of women and girls in the SDF-controlled city: collecting water from public tanks distributed by humanitarian organizations as an <\/span>emergency solution<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n

It also left them vulnerable to harassment and exploitation. An overview of gender-based violence in Syria, <\/span>published<\/span><\/a> by the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) in early 2024, linked elevated incidents of sexual violence to water, sanitation and hygiene facilities, including toilets, bathing sites and water points.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

During visits to four Hasakah neighborhoods\u2014Gweiran, al-Nashwa al-Gharbiya, al-Mushayrfa and Khashman\u2014where residents rely on public tanks for drinking water, <\/span>Syria Direct<\/span><\/i> spoke with women and girls who were transporting water for distances ranging from 10 meters to more than 100 meters.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

When directly interviewed, women complained about many situations that arise when collecting water, including arguments breaking out in lines and restrictions on the quantity of water, but avoided mentioning whether they faced harassment, as in Marwa\u2019s experience.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

However, women in the Gweiran neighborhood said they do not allow unmarried girls to carry water to avoid indecent looks or catcalling in the streets, as one told <\/span>Syria Direct<\/span><\/i>. One 19-year-old said she only began fetching water after she married. \u201cIt\u2019s a task for married women,\u201d she said, without explaining further.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

In the Khashman neighborhood, residents said women and girls alike \u201ctransport water from the tanks to their homes, but only after making sure the tanker driver and the organization\u2019s monitor have left.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

Alongside field visits, <\/span>Syria Direct<\/span><\/i> surveyed 50 women in Hasakah city about their experiences. The questionnaire included a way to get in touch with the reporter, and many sources reached out to speak about their experiences.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Harassed by monitors<\/b><\/h3>\n

Three kilometers from al-Nashwa, where Marwa lives, residents of Hasakah\u2019s al-Askari neighborhood wait for Monday every week, when public water tanks are filled.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Layla, 28, and her brother take turns fetching water and carrying it dozens of meters from the neighborhood tank to their home. One day, when she was about to leave her house, she happened across the local monitor employed by the organization providing water to al-Askari standing outside her door, she recalled. The man approached, asking if she lived in the neighborhood. When she replied that she did, he said \u201cwe will move the tank closer to your house,\u201d she told <\/span>Syria Direct<\/span><\/i>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Feeling that the monitor was overstepping, Layla pretended to call her brother, \u201cso he turned around and walked away,\u201d she said. She thought the incident was over, but when returning home from work a week later she found the tank had indeed been moved closer to her house. \u201cIt was an ugly feeling, the ugliest, when I saw the tank nearby,\u201d she said. \u201cWhat is the fault of the people [who would now be farther from it]?\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

Since then, Layla takes precautions, only fetching water at the last minute and waiting for \u201cthe organization\u2019s monitor to leave,\u201d she said. She fears her brother could \u201ccreate a problem if he picks up on the employee\u2019s words.\u201d\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Of 50 women between the ages of 18 and 25 surveyed in Hasakah city and the nearby Serekaniye and Washokani displacement camps\u2014also impacted by the water crisis\u201436 percent said they experienced \u201cuncomfortable\u201d comments from water service providers.<\/span><\/p>\n

In Washokani, where people displaced from Ras al-Ain (Serekaniye) live, three women said they had faced \u201cverbal harassment,\u201d recalling phrases such as: \u201cI\u2019m interested,\u201d \u201cdon\u2019t you want me?\u201d and \u201cdo you have a phone number?\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

The results of <\/span>Syria Direct<\/span><\/i>\u2019s survey intersect with what the Hasakah-based Salam Organization found when it conducted a risk assessment of women\u2019s access to water, reaching 120 women and girls through its mobile awareness team.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cThoughtlessness and a lack of oversight of the monitors\u201d could be \u201ca reason for the harassment and this treatment of female beneficiaries,\u201d Aisha, 27, a displaced teacher from Ras al-Ain (Serekaniye) said. \u201cThe monitors working with the organizations ask many personal questions, such as: Are you married? Do you have a contact number?\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cThere is exploitation and harassment of women and girls, especially the marginalized and economically vulnerable,\u201d Daoud Daoud, Salam Organization\u2019s chief executive officer, said. Increased water scarcity may \u201cexacerbate these risks,\u201d he added.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cWhen access to services is limited, the danger of sexual exploitation and abuse increases,\u201d one protection specialist working with an international network implementing programs in northeastern Syria said. She declined to disclose whether her organization has received complaints of sexual exploitation or harassment tied to accessing water.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Exploited by water truck owners<\/b><\/h3>\n

Exploitation, in the context of the water crisis in Hasakah and other parts of Syria, is most often discussed in terms of price gouging. While the cost to fill a 30,000-liter water truck is around 25,000 Syrian pounds ($1.70 at the current black market exchange rate of SYP 14,560 to the dollar), customers in Hasakah buy 5,000 liters of water at a cost of SYP 35,000 ($2.40), three times what it cost in the summer of 2023.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

For many women, exploitation takes another form: sexual exploitation and demands for services in exchange for water, as sources in Hasakah told <\/span>Syria Direct<\/span><\/i>.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

The United Nations (UN) General Assembly, in Resolution 64\/292 of July 2010, <\/span>recognized<\/span><\/a> \u201cthe right to safe and clean drinking water and sanitation as a human right that is essential for the full enjoyment of life and all human rights.\u201d The UN Human Rights Council <\/span>reaffirmed<\/span><\/a> this right in Resolution 15\/9, explaining it \u201cis derived from the right to an adequate standard of living.\u201d\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Hasakah families spend an average of SYP 210,000 ($13.35) each month on water, filling 5,000-liter tanks six times. Each refill meets the needs of a family of five for around five days. Residents served by organization-funded public water tanks also occasionally purchase private water as needed.<\/span><\/p>\n

In February 2024, after buying water from a private tanker, Layla began receiving phone calls after midnight from the seller. When she did not respond, he sent a voice message, she recalled, saying: \u201cI only charged you SYP 10,000 for the water. Answer me.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

Layla said she had paid full price, and called the seller the next day to inquire further. He asked her if she was from a particular neighborhood, and when she told him he had the wrong person, \u201che apologized, saying he had the wrong number,\u201d she said.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

She accused the seller of \u201cexploiting women\u2019s need by offering water at a lower price in order to ask them for other services.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

Before that incident, Layla had to change her phone number after she was harassed by another water truck owner, who repeatedly tried to call her from different numbers and asked her to meet with him outside, she said.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Another woman surveyed for this report also said she was harassed by a water seller. He went as far as to suggest, instead of payment, to \u201cspend an evening with you\u201d or visit her at home. He also sent messages asking for pictures of her, alongside explicit sexual requests, she said.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Anas Akram, who works mornings distributing water to public tanks for one organization, then sells water in the afternoon, confirmed that some sellers exploited women. He cited conversations between water sellers while filling their vehicles, in which some openly discussed \u201cproviding water for free in exchange for spending time with the customer,\u201d he said.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cThe exploitation of women by water providers results from several factors, including socioeconomic discrimination and a lack of necessary oversight and legislation,\u201d Rima al-Kalib, a social worker at the P\u00caL-Civil Waves organization in Hasakah city, said. Daoud, of Salam Organization, pointed to \u201ca lack of awareness, and the fragile economic situation.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

In an effort to alleviate the city\u2019s water crisis, the Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria (AANES) has implemented a project to draw water from the Euphrates River to Hasakah. Experimental pumping began in July, targeting the Gweiran, al-Zuhour, al-Aziziya, al-Talaea, al-Salhiya, al-Mufti neighborhoods, as well as part of Khashman, the AANES-affiliated Hawar News Agency <\/span>reported<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Women in Gweiran interviewed for this report said water from the new project arrived only for a few days in July, then stopped.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

The committee monitoring the Euphrates water project attributed the outage to encroachments along the 60-kilometer water line, as committee member Adnan Khaled <\/span>told<\/span><\/a> local independent radio station ARTA FM. Some 15 encroachments along the line had been found, he said.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

A map shows the neighborhoods of Hasakah city reportedly targeted by the AANES project to pump water from the Euphrates River to the al-Aziziya water station (<\/span><\/i>Wikimapia<\/span><\/i><\/a>)<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n

Barriers to reporting<\/b><\/h3>\n

In May, Aisha worked as a water distribution monitor in Washokani camp on a 20-day contract with an international relief organization. Her job consisted of monitoring, alongside an escort, the filling of water tanks in one sector of the camp by contracted tanker drivers and returning to an assembly point once all were filled.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

One day, when her work was complete, she boarded the last water truck to return to the assembly point. \u201cWhen I got into the car next to the escort, I felt his hand pulling my hand towards him,\u201d Aisha said. \u201cI pretended not to notice, thinking he didn\u2019t mean it. But before I got out, he pinched my thigh.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

Organizations providing water in Washokani train monitors and water distributors in women and children protection policies, Aisha said. Monitors also sign a code of conduct that includes conditions stating they will be fired if it is violated. Water truckers are accompanied by an escort and monitor to ensure the tanks are filled completely, to prevent water being stolen or sold by the contracted driver.<\/span><\/p>\n

Aisha told her female colleagues what happened to her, but they advised her not to file a complaint against the escort<\/span> \u201cso he wouldn\u2019t lose his job and livelihood,\u201d she said. She complied, afraid of being singled out as they \u201cfaced similar situations and had not complained,\u201d she said.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

She did not tell her family either, given a social reality that blames the victim rather than holding the perpetrator accountable in most cases involving women. \u201cThey wouldn\u2019t believe that I did not cause his action,\u201d she said.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Unlike Aisha, Salma, 21, did file a complaint against one of the people responsible for distributing water in Serekaniye camp, located in Hasakah\u2019s al-Talaea neighborhood, last summer. \u201cThe organization responded, fired him and hired someone else,\u201d she told <\/span>Syria Direct<\/span><\/i>.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Salma had faced \u201ca lot of abusive words from water sellers in the camp\u201d before the incident that ultimately drove her to file a complaint. That day, she \u201cwas doing housework without wearing a hijab, and was surprised to find one of the people responsible for filling water peeping while on top of the roof of my kitchen,\u201d she said.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cThere is no culture of reporting among women in the camp,\u201d Salma said. \u201cHowever, from interacting with the organizations through trainings, I know that it is my right to file a complaint against a service provider if he harasses beneficiaries.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

Still, many are afraid to report harassment. \u201cThe very word \u2018complaint\u2019 scares me,\u201d Marwa said. \u201cWhat if I complain, and they cut off service to the neighborhood? Our household doesn\u2019t have the means to buy water periodically.\u201d\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

On August 22, the reporter contacted the regional director of the organization whose employee Marwa said harassed her to inquire about how well its complaint mechanisms align with Hasakah\u2019s social reality, as well as about the protection mechanisms for women who file complaints and training procedures for service providers. The organization did not reply by the time of publication.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

An internal source in the organization later said that it rejects any allegation that any of its monitors harassed or sexually exploited beneficiaries.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

The protection specialist, interviewed over Zoom, said her network has been advocating since last year for the use of complaint referral pathways between service provider organizations joining it on the basis of a \u201ccommunity complaint mechanism,\u201d relying on local organizations operating in the region.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cWhile the network works to support humanitarian organizations and points of contact concerned with protection from exploitation, extortion and sexual harassment to ensure internal reporting and effective investigative procedures adhering to universal principles, it is not responsible for complaints and does not investigate them,\u201d she said. Looking into individual reports \u201cis the responsibility of the organization or humanitarian entity that employs the alleged perpetrator and is therefore responsible for these actions.\u201d\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

In neighborhoods where residents rely on public water tanks supported by organizations, women <\/span>Syria Direct <\/span><\/i>spoke to said they did not know what party to complain to if they were harassed, and had not received any information about how to do so.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

It is also noteworthy that no phone number to call to make a complaint is circulated among residents or written on water tanks in Hasakah neighborhoods. <\/span><\/p>\n

When asked, one woman in Khashman said she might complain to the owner of the house the water tank was located in front of.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Of 50 residents surveyed, 30 said they would file a complaint if they faced harassment. However, eight of them added comments indicating reluctance, including: \u201cSomeone would prevent me,\u201d \u201cI don\u2019t know the authorities responsible for complaints,\u201d \u201cthere is no swift response to complaints,\u201d \u201cthere are social factors that stop me,\u201d \u201cI don\u2019t know where to complain,\u201d \u201ccustoms and traditions would stop me,\u201d \u201cpersonal weakness and a poor financial situation are a barrier\u201d and \u201cfear of family, customs and traditions.\u201d\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

The participants\u2019 comments intersect with the views of those who said they would not report harassment. Some cited social factors and fear of the reaction of family members or husbands, while others said they did not trust that the relevant authorities would hold perpetrators accountable. \u201cThere is a fear of a problem happening, since the tanker owners are from here,\u201d as one wrote.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cNot all organizations providing water services follow an approach based on raising awareness of mechanisms for reporting and complaints, and not all of them publicize protection measures,\u201d Daoud said.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cWomen may not be aware how to use available complaint mechanisms, or may not be aware of their rights,\u201d al-Kalib added.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Efforts by civil society organizations and local authorities to protect women consist of \u201cproviding nearby water points, distributing water through tanker trucks and raising community awareness,\u201d Daoud said. \u201cThere is still a shortage of funding and resources to scale up these interventions sufficiently to cover all areas at risk.\u201d\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Commenting on that, Bassam al-Ahmad, the executive director of Syrians for Truth and Justice (STJ)\u2014which collaborated with <\/span>Syria Direct<\/span><\/i> to produce this report\u2014said \u201cproviding emergency response in basic services does not negate the need to simultaneously circulate protection [measures] to prevent harassment and exploitation.\u201d \u201cThe commission of violations should not be justified by the severity of people\u2019s need for the service.\u201d\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Al-Ahmad attributed harassment to an \u201cabsence of clear legal frameworks, complaint mechanisms and accountability for the perpetrator in a framework of promoting fairness and justice,\u201d noting \u201cthe local authorities are directly responsible for protecting women.\u201d\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Article 308 of the AANES\u2019 Penal Code, issued in 2018 and amended in May 2023, punishes those convicted of sexual harassment with imprisonment for between six months and two years, as well as a fine of SYP 500,000 (around $34).<\/span><\/p>\n

The punishment under the <\/span>Syrian Penal Code<\/span><\/a> is lighter\u2014three days\u2019 imprisonment or a fine not exceeding SYP 75 (less than $0.01)\u2014as stated in Article 508. These are \u201cvery light penalties for sexual harassment (verbal or physical), and are not commensurate with the seriousness of the act,\u201d al-Ahmad said.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

He emphasized the need to \u201cconduct awareness campaigns through various available means, especially for women, through the media, workshops and others.\u201d The AANES body responsible for water should also \u201cmeet with all tanker owners and water distributors and give them the necessary instructions in this regard,\u201d he added, and threaten to \u201cwithdraw their permits in the event of violations of this nature.\u201d\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

A complaint number should also be placed in a clear and legible place on every water tanker, with the owner obliged to do so, with an employee assigned to receive complaints and refer them to the relevant authorities, al-Ahmad said.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Because some organizations allocate resources to protect women and others do not, it is also necessary to \u201cadvocate with the donors to ensure that humanitarian and civil society organizations in particular allocate sufficient resources to protect against exploitation, extortion and sexual harassment,\u201d the protection specialist said.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

This report was produced in collaboration with <\/i><\/b>Syrians for Truth and Justice (STJ)<\/i><\/b><\/a> as part of Syria Direct\u2019s Sawtna Training Program for women journalists across areas of control in Syria. It was originally published in <\/i><\/b>Arabic<\/i><\/b><\/a> and translated into English by Mateo Nelson.<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Simav Hesen, QAMISHLI \u2014 Up until March 2023, Marwa, 30, had a routine. 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