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\n
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\u062f\u0627\u0645\u063a\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0646\u0627\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u062f\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0628\u0647 \u0628\u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646.<\/p>\n \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0646\u062d\u062b \u0623\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u064a:<\/p>\n <\/p>\n [1]<\/a> Sirwan Kajjo, Which Syrian Groups Are Involved in Turkey\u2019s Syria Offensive?, VOA, 09 October 2019 (Available at: https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/a\/extremism-watch_which-syrian-groups-are-involved-turkeys-syria-offensive\/6177353.html<\/a>).<\/p>\n [2]<\/a> \u0645\u0641\u0648\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u064a\u0646<\/a>: \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 10\u060c000 \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0639\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0628\u062f\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629\u060c 25 \u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\/\u0623\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631 2019. (\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e 09 \u0623\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0644\/\u0633\u0628\u062a\u0645\u0628\u0631 2023).<\/p>\n [3]<\/a> \u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u060c 28 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\/\u064a\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0631 2020\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0629 54\u060c \u0631\u0642\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0629 A\/HRC\/43\/57.<\/p>\n [4]<\/a> Amnesty International, Syria: Damning evidence of war crimes and other violations by Turkish forces and their allies, 18 October 2019 (Available at: https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/press-release\/2019\/10\/syria-damning-evidence-of-war-crimes-and-other-violations-by-turkish-forces-and-their-allies\/<\/a>).<\/p>\n [5]<\/a> \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u060c \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c A\/HRC\/43?57\u060c 28 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\/\u064a\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0631 2020\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0629 54.<\/p>\n [6]<\/a> U.S. Department of the Treasury, Treasury Sanctions Syrian Regime Prisons, Officials, and Syrian Armed Group, 28 July 2021 (Available at: https:\/\/home.treasury.gov\/news\/press-releases\/jy0292<\/a>).<\/p>\n [7]<\/a> U.S. Department of the Treasury, Treasury Sanctions Two Syria-Based Militias Responsible for Serious Human Rights Abuses in Northern Syria, 17 August 2023 (Available at: https:\/\/home.treasury.gov\/news\/press-releases\/jy1699<\/a>).<\/p>\n [8]<\/a> \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u060c \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c A\/HRC\/45\/31\u060c 14 \u0622\u0628\/\u0623\u063a\u0633\u0637\u0633 2020\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0629 54.<\/p>\n [9]<\/a> \u00a0\u0623\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0630\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0642\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0640 “\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0648”\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062c\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u062d\u0628\u0644 \u064a\u062a\u062f\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0642\u0641\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0633 \u0631\u0624\u0648\u0633 \u0623\u0635\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0623\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0641\u062a\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 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\u064a\u062f\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0642\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0647\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0645\u0648\u062f \u062e\u0634\u0628\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0648\u064a\u064f\u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0641\u064a \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0643\u064a \u0634\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062c\u0627\u062c\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0639 \u0636\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0623\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0621 \u062c\u0633\u062f\u0647.<\/p>\n [11]<\/a> \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644: \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u060c \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c A\/HRC\/45\/31\u060c 14 \u0622\u0628\/\u0623\u063a\u0633\u0637\u0633 2020\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0627\u062a 46-64.<\/p>\n [12]<\/a> \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644: \u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u0629 “\u062a\u0622\u0632\u0631” \u0644\u0644\u0636\u062d\u0627\u064a\u0627: \u0623\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u062a\u064a: \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0643\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u062a\u064f\u0643\u0631\u0651\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/a>\u060c 19 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\/\u064a\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0631 2023.<\/p>\n [13]<\/a> Official Records of the Diplomatic Conference on the Reaffirmation and Development of International Humanitarian Law applicable in Armed Conflicts, Vol. 8, CDDH\/I\/SR.22, Geneva, 1974\u201377, p. 201.<\/p>\n [14]<\/a> Sivakumaran, The Law of Non-International Armed Conflict, (Oxford University Press, 2012), p 530.<\/p>\n [15]<\/a> Committee Against Torture, 20th Sess., GRB. v Sweden, Communication No. 83\/ 1997, UN. Doc. CAT\/C\/20\/D\/83\/1997 (19 June 1998); Sheekh v Netherlands, App. No. 1948\/04, HUDOC at 45 (11 January 2007); UN Secretary-General, Report of the Secretary-General\u2019s Panel of Experts on Accountability in Sri Lanka, 243 (31 March 2011), p 188; Darragh Murray, Human Rights Obligations of Non-State Armed Groups (Hart Publishing, 2016).<\/p>\n [16]<\/a> OHCHR, \u2018International Legal Protection of Human Rights in Armed Conflict\u2019, Geneva and New-York (2011), pp 23-27 (Available at: https:\/\/www.ohchr.org\/sites\/default\/files\/Documents\/Publications\/HR_in_armed_conflict.pdf<\/a>).<\/p>\n [17]<\/a> Ibid. p. 24.<\/p>\n [18]<\/a> OHCHR, Joint Statement by independent United Nations human rights experts on human rights responsibilities of armed non-State actors, 25 February 2021 (Available at: https:\/\/www.ohchr.org\/en\/press-releases\/2021\/02\/joint-statement-independent-united-nations-human-rights-experts-human-rights?LangID=E&NewsID=26797<\/a>).<\/p>\n [19]<\/a>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 90 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0631 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a.<\/p>\n [20]<\/a> ICTY,\u00a0Kunarac\u00a0<\/em>Trial Judgment, 2001, para. 496, confirmed in Appeal Judgment, 2002, para. 148. See also\u00a0Simi\u0107\u00a0<\/em>Trial Judgment, 2003, para. 82;\u00a0Br\u0111anin\u00a0<\/em>Trial Judgment, 2004, para. 488; Kvo\u010dka\u00a0<\/em>Appeal Judgment, 2005, para. 284;\u00a0Limaj<\/em>\u00a0Trial Judgment, 2005, para. 240;\u00a0Mrk\u0161i\u0107<\/em>\u00a0Trial Judgment, 2007, para. 514;\u00a0Haradinaj\u00a0<\/em>Retrial Judgment, 2012, para. 419; and\u00a0Stani\u0161i\u0107 and \u017dupljanin<\/em>Trial Judgment, 2013, para. 49.<\/p>\n [21]<\/a> \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 8 (\u062c)(1) \u0648(2)\u061b \u0645\u064a\u062b\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0648\u063a\u0648\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 2(\u0628)\u061b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 4.<\/p>\n [22]<\/a> ICRC 2020 Commentary on Common Article 3, para 596.<\/p>\n [23]<\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 99 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0631 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a.<\/p>\n\n
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