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name=\"_Toc134610229\"><\/a><strong>2.2.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong><strong>\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629:<\/strong><\/h5>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u062c\u0630\u0651\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646. \u0648\u064a\u0642\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u062a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0633\u0628\u0644 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u0646\u0635\u0627\u0641 \u0636\u062d\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0643\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u060c<a href=\"#_ftn6\" name=\"_ftnref6\"><sup>[6]<\/sup><\/a> \u0641\u0642\u062f \u062d\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0636\u0627\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062e\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642 \u0641\u064a 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width=\"956\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" width=\"299\"><strong>\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"219\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"438\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" width=\"128\">\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629\/\u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td width=\"171\">\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629<\/td>\n<td width=\"219\">\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629<\/td>\n<td width=\"438\">\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u0642 \u0644\u0644\u0636\u062d\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0642 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0643\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u061b \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 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<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table><\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0623\u0648 \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c<a href=\"#_ftn56\" name=\"_ftnref56\"><sup>[56]<\/sup><\/a> \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0634\u064a\u0644\u064a \u0634\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0638\u0644 \u0628\u0646\u0648\u0634\u064a\u0647\u060c 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\u0648\u0625\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0626\u0642\u0627 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u062d\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u062d\u0627\u064a\u0627.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<hr \/>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref1\" name=\"_ftn1\">[1]<\/a> \u062d\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0639\u064a\u0633\u0649\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 (\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629) \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u062d\u0631\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0627\u060c \u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\/ \u0646\u0648\u0641\u0645\u0628\u0631 2017\u060c \u0635 9- 14<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref2\" name=\"_ftn2\">[2]<\/a> \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u062d\u0631\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0629\u060c 26 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\/ \u062f\u064a\u0633\u0645\u0628\u0631 2021. (\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637: 9 \u0623\u064a\u0627\u0631\/\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0648 2023). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.harmoon.org\/reports\/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A9\/\">https:\/\/www.harmoon.org\/reports\/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A9\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref3\" name=\"_ftn3\">[3]<\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0648\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627. \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u062c\u0648\u0631\u062c\u062a\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0642\u0637\u0631. \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0632 \u0631\u0642\u0645 16 (2018). (\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637: 9 \u0623\u064a\u0627\u0631\/\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0648 2023). <a href=\"https:\/\/repository.library.georgetown.edu\/handle\/10822\/1050477\">https:\/\/repository.library.georgetown.edu\/handle\/10822\/1050477<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref4\" name=\"_ftn4\">[4]<\/a> \u0633\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639\u060c \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 S\/2004\/616 23 \u0622\u0628\/ \u0623\u063a\u0633\u0637\u0633 2004\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0629 8\u060c \u0635: 6. (\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637: 10 \u0623\u064a\u0627\u0631\/\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0648 2023). <a href=\"https:\/\/undocs.org\/Home\/Mobile?FinalSymbol=S%2F2004%2F616&amp;Language=E&amp;DeviceType=Desktop&amp;LangRequested=Fals\">https:\/\/undocs.org\/Home\/Mobile?FinalSymbol=S%2F2004%2F616&amp;Language=E&amp;DeviceType=Desktop&amp;LangRequested=Fals<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref5\" name=\"_ftn5\">[5]<\/a> \u0645\u064e\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629\u061f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629. (\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637: 10 \u0623\u064a\u0627\u0631\/\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0648 2023). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ictj.org\/ar\/what-transitional-justice\">https:\/\/www.ictj.org\/ar\/what-transitional-justice<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref6\" name=\"_ftn6\">[6]<\/a> \u0644\u0645\u062d\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629\u060c \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0648\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a. (\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637: 10 \u0623\u064a\u0627\u0631\/\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0648 2023). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ohchr.org\/ar\/transitional-justice\/about-transitional-justice-and-human-rights\">https:\/\/www.ohchr.org\/ar\/transitional-justice\/about-transitional-justice-and-human-rights<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref7\" name=\"_ftn7\">[7]<\/a> \u0645\u0630\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 (12-38576)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0630\u0627\u0631\/ \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 2010\u060c \u0635 3\u060c \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637 (\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637: 10 \u0623\u064a\u0627\u0631\/\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0648 2023). <a href=\"http:\/\/www.ivd.tn\/ar\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/02\/%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AC-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%85%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%A9-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B4%D8%A3%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%85%D8%B0%D9%83%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A3%D8%B9%D8%AF%D9%87%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%85%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%A9.pdf\">http:\/\/www.ivd.tn\/ar\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/02\/%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AC-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%85%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%A9-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B4%D8%A3%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%85%D8%B0%D9%83%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A3%D8%B9%D8%AF%D9%87%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%85%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%A9.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref8\" name=\"_ftn8\">[8]<\/a> \u0628\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 60\/147 \u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 2006 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0631 \u0644\u0636\u062d\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u060c \u062a\u0646\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u062d\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u0630\u0648\u064a\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0648\u064a: \u062a\u062e\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0625\u0642\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0641\u0638 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/undocs.org\/Home\/Mobile?FinalSymbol=A%2FRES%2F60%2F147&amp;Language=E&amp;DeviceType=Desktop&amp;LangRequested=False\">https:\/\/undocs.org\/Home\/Mobile?FinalSymbol=A%2FRES%2F60%2F147&amp;Language=E&amp;DeviceType=Desktop&amp;LangRequested=False<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref9\" name=\"_ftn9\">[9]<\/a> \u062d\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0646\u0635\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0641\u064a &#8220;\u0625\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u062a\u064a \u0648\u0648\u062a\u0634&#8221;\u060c \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0631\u0634\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0646\u0638\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref10\" name=\"_ftn10\">[10]<\/a>\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0628\u064a \u0631\u0642\u0645 436\u060c 2003. \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0629. \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0624\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0629. (Transitional Justice, Restorative Justice and Reconciliation. Some Insights from the Colombian Case). \u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0633\u0627\u0641\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0631\u0648\u062f\u0631\u064a\u063a\u0648 \u0623\u0648\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0646\u064a. \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0643\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 2005\u060c \u0635 1. (\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637: 10 \u0623\u064a\u0627\u0631\/\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0648 2023).<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.legal-tools.org\/doc\/e5caf8\/pdf\/\">https:\/\/www.legal-tools.org\/doc\/e5caf8\/pdf\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref11\" name=\"_ftn11\">[11]<\/a> \u062a\u0639\u062f \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0639\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b: \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1960 \u0625\u0644\u0649 1990\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u0633\u0644\u062d \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0636\u062f \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0649 \u0628\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1990 \u0645\u0639 \u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0638\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0633\u0631\u0627\u062d \u0646\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0627.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref12\" name=\"_ftn12\">[12]<\/a> \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629. (\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637: 10 \u0623\u064a\u0627\u0631\/\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0648 2023). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ictj.org\/ar\/location\/sud%C3%A1frica\">https:\/\/www.ictj.org\/ar\/location\/sud%C3%A1frica<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref13\" name=\"_ftn13\">[13]<\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref14\" name=\"_ftn14\">[14]<\/a> \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0641 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1995 \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0642 \u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0631\u0642\u0645 34 \u0641\u064a 1995 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0633\u0633 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u064a\u067e \u062a\u0627\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646: (\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0643\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u062c\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0631 \u0648\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0647\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0641\u0648). \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0629. (\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637: 10 \u0623\u064a\u0627\u0631\/\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0648 2023). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justice.gov.za\/trc\/\">https:\/\/www.justice.gov.za\/trc\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref15\" name=\"_ftn15\">[15]<\/a> \u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0645 \u0643\u064a\u0631- \u0643\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0646\u063a\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637. (\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637: 10 \u0623\u064a\u0627\u0631\/\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0648 2023). <a href=\"https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/syriaincrisis\/?fa=50099\">https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/syriaincrisis\/?fa=50099<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref16\" name=\"_ftn16\">[16]<\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0622\u0644\u060c \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629\u060c 24 \u0622\u0628\/ \u0623\u063a\u0633\u0637\u0633 2018. (\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637: 10 \u0623\u064a\u0627\u0631\/\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0648 2023). <a href=\"https:\/\/pro-justice.org\/ar\/accountability\/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7.html\">https:\/\/pro-justice.org\/ar\/accountability\/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7.html<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref17\" name=\"_ftn17\">[17]<\/a> \u0641\u062a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 (Unlocking the Road to Justice in Syria). \u0623\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0648 \u064a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0633. 1 \u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\/\u0623\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631 2022. (\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637: 10 \u0623\u064a\u0627\u0631\/\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0648 2023). <a href=\"http:\/\/opiniojuris.org\/2022\/10\/01\/unlocking-the-road-to-justice-in-syria\/\">http:\/\/opiniojuris.org\/2022\/10\/01\/unlocking-the-road-to-justice-in-syria\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref18\" name=\"_ftn18\">[18]<\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0645 2012 (\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u062c\u0646\u064a\u0641). \u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629. 30 \u062d\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646\/\u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0648 2012. (\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637: 10 \u0623\u064a\u0627\u0631\/\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0648 2023). <a href=\"https:\/\/syriancc.org\/2021\/09\/02\/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%81\/\">https:\/\/syriancc.org\/2021\/09\/02\/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%81\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref19\" name=\"_ftn19\">[19]<\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 30 \u062d\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646\/ \u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0648 2012 \u0631\u0642\u0645 S\/2012\/522\u00a0 . (\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637: 10 \u0623\u064a\u0627\u0631\/\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0648 2023). <a href=\"https:\/\/undocs.org\/Home\/Mobile?FinalSymbol=S%2F2012%2F522&amp;Language=E&amp;DeviceType=Desktop&amp;LangRequested=False%D8%8C\">https:\/\/undocs.org\/Home\/Mobile?FinalSymbol=S%2F2012%2F522&amp;Language=E&amp;DeviceType=Desktop&amp;LangRequested=False%D8%8C<\/a><\/p>\n<p>\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0631\u0642\u0645 2118. (\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637: 10 \u0623\u064a\u0627\u0631\/\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0648 2023). <a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikisource.org\/wiki\/%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A_%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%85_2118\">https:\/\/ar.wikisource.org\/wiki\/%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A_%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%85_2118<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref20\" name=\"_ftn20\">[20]<\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 S\/RES\/2254(2015)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646\u060c 18 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\/ \u062f\u064a\u0633\u0645\u0628\u0631 2015. (\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637: 10 \u0623\u064a\u0627\u0631\/\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0648 2023). <a href=\"https:\/\/undocs.org\/Home\/Mobile?FinalSymbol=S%2FRES%2F2254(2015)&amp;Language=E&amp;DeviceType=Desktop&amp;LangRequested=False\">https:\/\/undocs.org\/Home\/Mobile?FinalSymbol=S%2FRES%2F2254(2015)&amp;Language=E&amp;DeviceType=Desktop&amp;LangRequested=False<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref21\" name=\"_ftn21\">[21]<\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0639\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627.(\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637: 10 \u0623\u064a\u0627\u0631\/\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0648 2023). <a href=\"https:\/\/specialenvoysyria.unmissions.org\/ar\/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9\">https:\/\/specialenvoysyria.unmissions.org\/ar\/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref22\" name=\"_ftn22\">[22]<\/a> \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0636\u0631 \u062c\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0648\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0641\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0648\u0641\u062f \u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u0636 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref23\" name=\"_ftn23\">[23]<\/a> \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0641\u064a 27 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\/\u064a\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0631 2014. (\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637: 10 \u0623\u064a\u0627\u0631\/\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0648 2023). <a href=\"https:\/\/legislation-securite.tn\/ar\/law\/44137\">https:\/\/legislation-securite.tn\/ar\/law\/44137<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref24\" name=\"_ftn24\">[24]<\/a> \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0635\u0631. \u0631\u0626\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0633. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629: 241. (\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637: 8 \u0623\u064a\u0627\u0631\/\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0648 2023). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.presidency.eg\/ar\/%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1\/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1\/\">https:\/\/www.presidency.eg\/ar\/%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1\/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref25\" name=\"_ftn25\">[25]<\/a> \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a 30 \u0623\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0644 2015\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u060c 30 \u0623\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0644\/ \u0633\u0628\u062a\u0645\u0628\u0631 2022. (\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637: 10 \u0623\u064a\u0627\u0631\/\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0648 2023). <a href=\"https:\/\/snhr.org\/arabic\/2022\/09\/30\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d9%82%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b3%d9%86%d9%88%d9%8a-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%a8%d8%b9-%d8%b9%d9%86-%d8%a3%d8%a8%d8%b1%d8%b2-%d8%a7%d9%86%d8%aa%d9%87%d8%a7%d9%83%d8%a7\/\">https:\/\/snhr.org\/arabic\/2022\/09\/30\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d9%82%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b3%d9%86%d9%88%d9%8a-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%a8%d8%b9-%d8%b9%d9%86-%d8%a3%d8%a8%d8%b1%d8%b2-%d8%a7%d9%86%d8%aa%d9%87%d8%a7%d9%83%d8%a7\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref26\" name=\"_ftn26\">[26]<\/a> \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0633 \u0639\u0646 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u062f\u0627\u0639\u0634 \u0628\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u060c 23 \u0623\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0644\/ \u0633\u0628\u062a\u0645\u0628\u0631 2022. (\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637: 10 \u0623\u064a\u0627\u0631\/\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0648 2023). <a href=\"https:\/\/snhr.org\/arabic\/2020\/09\/23\/12683\/\">https:\/\/snhr.org\/arabic\/2020\/09\/23\/12683\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref27\" name=\"_ftn27\">[27]<\/a> \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627: \u0623\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u0645\u063a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0628\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0641\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c 18 \u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\/ \u0623\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631 2019. (\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637: 10 \u0623\u064a\u0627\u0631\/\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0648 2023). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/ar\/latest\/press-release\/2019\/10\/syria-damning-evidence-of-war-crimes-and-other-violations-by-turkish-forces-and-their-allies\/\">https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/ar\/latest\/press-release\/2019\/10\/syria-damning-evidence-of-war-crimes-and-other-violations-by-turkish-forces-and-their-allies\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref28\" name=\"_ftn28\">[28]<\/a> \u062e\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0646: \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0627\u0636\u0648\u0644\u060c 10 \u0623\u064a\u0627\u0631\/ \u0645\u0627\u064a\u0648 2022. (\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637: 10 \u0623\u064a\u0627\u0631\/\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0648 2023). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/ar\/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9\/%D8%AE%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AF%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%87\/2583809\">https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/ar\/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9\/%D8%AE%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AF%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%87\/2583809<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref29\" name=\"_ftn29\">[29]<\/a> \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0643\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u062f\u0627\u0639\u0634 \u0628\u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0625\u0633\u0647\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0648\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646. 10 \u0634\u0628\u0627\u0637\/\u0641\u0628\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0631 2022. (\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637: 10 \u0623\u064a\u0627\u0631\/\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0648 2023). <a href=\"https:\/\/snhr.org\/arabic\/2022\/02\/10\/14769\/\">https:\/\/snhr.org\/arabic\/2022\/02\/10\/14769\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref30\" name=\"_ftn30\">[30]<\/a> \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u062c\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0631\u0629 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u060c 31 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\/ \u064a\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0631 2022. (\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637: 10 \u0623\u064a\u0627\u0631\/\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0648 2023).<a href=\"https:\/\/snhr.org\/arabic\/2022\/01\/31\/14719\/\">https:\/\/snhr.org\/arabic\/2022\/01\/31\/14719\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref31\" name=\"_ftn31\">[31]<\/a>\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627: &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0645\u0646\u0629&#8221; \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0642\u062a\u062a\u0627\u0644 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u062d\u060c \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629\u060c 1 \u0627\u0628\/ \u0623\u063a\u0633\u0637\u0633 2022. (\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637: 10 \u0623\u064a\u0627\u0631\/\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0648 2023). <a href=\"https:\/\/stj-sy.org\/ar\/%d8%b3%d9%88%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%a7-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%86%d8%a7%d8%b7%d9%82-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a2%d9%85%d9%86%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%86%d8%aa%d9%87%d8%a7%d9%83%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d9%88%d8%a7%d9%82%d8%aa%d8%aa\/\">https:\/\/stj-sy.org\/ar\/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%82-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A2%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%AA%D8%AA\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p>\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627: \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0628\u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0645\u0646\u0629&#8221;\u060c \u0647\u064a\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u0627\u064a\u062a\u0633 \u0648\u0648\u062a\u0634\u060c 27 \u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\/ \u0646\u0648\u0641\u0645\u0628\u0631 2019. (\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637: 10 \u0623\u064a\u0627\u0631\/\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0648 2023). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/ar\/news\/2019\/11\/27\/335938\">https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/ar\/news\/2019\/11\/27\/335938<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&#8220;\u062f\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0627 \u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u0646\u0627&#8221; \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0648\u0627\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0626\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0630\u0642\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0647\u064a\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0631\u0627\u064a\u062a\u0633 \u0648\u0648\u062a\u0634\u060c 11 \u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\/ \u0623\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631 2013. (\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637: 10 \u0623\u064a\u0627\u0631\/\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0648 2023). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/ar\/report\/2013\/10\/11\/256480\">https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/ar\/report\/2013\/10\/11\/256480<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref32\" name=\"_ftn32\">[32]<\/a> \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 A\/HRC\/51\/45 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629. 17 \u0622\u0628\/\u0623\u063a\u0633\u0637\u0633 2022. (\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637: 10 \u0623\u064a\u0627\u0631\/\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0648 2023). <a href=\"https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/syrian-arab-republic\/report-independent-international-commission-inquiry-syrian-arab-republic-ahrc5145-enarruzh\">https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/syrian-arab-republic\/report-independent-international-commission-inquiry-syrian-arab-republic-ahrc5145-enarruzh<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref33\" name=\"_ftn33\">[33]<\/a> \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u060c 27 \u0634\u0628\u0627\u0637\/ \u0641\u0628\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0631 2012. (\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637: 10 \u0623\u064a\u0627\u0631\/\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0648 2023). <a href=\"http:\/\/www.parliament.gov.sy\/arabic\/index.php?node=5518&amp;cat=423&amp;\">http:\/\/www.parliament.gov.sy\/arabic\/index.php?node=5518&amp;cat=423&amp;<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref34\" name=\"_ftn34\">[34]<\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref35\" name=\"_ftn35\">[35]<\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f 97\u060c 98\u060c 99\u060c 124<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref36\" name=\"_ftn36\">[36]<\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f 100\u060c 101\u060c 102<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref37\" name=\"_ftn37\">[37]<\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 103<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref38\" name=\"_ftn38\">[38]<\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 115<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref39\" name=\"_ftn39\">[39]<\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 133<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref40\" name=\"_ftn40\">[40]<\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 141<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref41\" name=\"_ftn41\">[41]<\/a> \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u060c 6 \u0634\u0628\u0627\u0637\/ \u0641\u0628\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0631 2004. (\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637: 10 \u0623\u064a\u0627\u0631\/\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0648 2023). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shrc.org\/?p=7451\">https:\/\/www.shrc.org\/?p=7451<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref42\" name=\"_ftn42\">[42]<\/a> \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627: \u062d\u0635\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644 \u0636\u063a\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629\u060c 28 \u062a\u0645\u0648\u0632\/ \u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0648 2022. (\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637: 10 \u0627\u064a\u0627\u0631\/\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0648 2023). <a href=\"https:\/\/stj-sy.org\/ar\/%d8%b3%d9%88%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%a7-%d8%ad%d8%b5%d8%a7%d9%86%d8%a9-%d9%86%d8%b8%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%84%d9%84%d9%82%d8%b6%d8%a7%d8%a9-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%b8%d9%84-%d8%b6%d8%ba%d9%88%d8%b7-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b3\/\">https:\/\/stj-sy.org\/ar\/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%AD%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A9-%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%A9-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B8%D9%84-%D8%B6%D8%BA%D9%88%D8%B7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref43\" name=\"_ftn43\">[43]<\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627: \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0634\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u062f \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629\u060c 15 \u0622\u0628\/ \u0623\u063a\u0633\u0637\u0633 2022. (\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637: 10 \u0623\u064a\u0627\u0631\/\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0648 2023). <a href=\"https:\/\/stj-sy.org\/ar\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%ad%d9%83%d9%85%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%af%d8%b3%d8%aa%d9%88%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d9%84%d9%8a%d8%a7-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%b3%d9%88%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%a7-%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%aa\/\">https:\/\/stj-sy.org\/ar\/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%83%D9%85%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref44\" name=\"_ftn44\">[44]<\/a> \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0634\u0624\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0642\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0646. (\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637: 10 \u0623\u064a\u0627\u0631\/\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0648 2023). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.icmp.int\/ar\/where-we-work\/the-americas\/latin-america-and-the-caribbean\/chile\/\">https:\/\/www.icmp.int\/ar\/where-we-work\/the-americas\/latin-america-and-the-caribbean\/chile\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref45\" name=\"_ftn45\">[45]<\/a> \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 60\/147 (21 \u0627\u0630\u0627\u0631\/ \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 2006) \u0627\u0644\u0636\u062d\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u062d\u0642 \u0628\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0631\u060c \u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0646\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0639 \u0628\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u064a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0643\u0627 \u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0643 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a. (\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637: 10 \u0623\u064a\u0627\u0631\/\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0648 2023). <a href=\"https:\/\/undocs.org\/Home\/Mobile?FinalSymbol=A%2FRES%2F60%2F147&amp;Language=E&amp;DeviceType=Desktop&amp;LangRequested=False\">https:\/\/undocs.org\/Home\/Mobile?FinalSymbol=A%2FRES%2F60%2F147&amp;Language=E&amp;DeviceType=Desktop&amp;LangRequested=False<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref46\" name=\"_ftn46\">[46]<\/a> \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629: \u0645\u062d\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0646\u0647\u0623\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629\u060c 5 \u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\/ \u0623\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631 2022. (\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637: 10 \u0623\u064a\u0627\u0631\/\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0648 2023). <a href=\"https:\/\/stj-sy.org\/ar\/%d8%b3%d9%88%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%a7-%d9%88%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ad%d8%b1%d9%85%d8%a7%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ac%d9%86%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%85%d8%ad%d9%86%d8%a9-%d8%a8%d9%84%d8%a7-%d9%86%d9%87%d8%a7%d9%8a%d8%a9\/\">https:\/\/stj-sy.org\/ar\/%d8%b3%d9%88%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%a7-%d9%88%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ad%d8%b1%d9%85%d8%a7%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ac%d9%86%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%85%d8%ad%d9%86%d8%a9-%d8%a8%d9%84%d8%a7-%d9%86%d9%87%d8%a7%d9%8a%d8%a9\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref47\" name=\"_ftn47\">[47]<\/a> \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629 37 -A\/HRC\/37\/72 . (\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637: 10 \u0623\u064a\u0627\u0631\/\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0648 2023). <a href=\"https:\/\/undocs.org\/Home\/Mobile?FinalSymbol=A%2FHRC%2F37%2F72&amp;Language=E&amp;DeviceType=Desktop&amp;LangRequested=False\">https:\/\/undocs.org\/Home\/Mobile?FinalSymbol=A%2FHRC%2F37%2F72&amp;Language=E&amp;DeviceType=Desktop&amp;LangRequested=False<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref48\" name=\"_ftn48\">[48]<\/a> \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629 40 -A\/HRC\/40\/70 . (\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637: 10 \u0623\u064a\u0627\u0631\/\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0648 2023). <a href=\"https:\/\/undocs.org\/Home\/Mobile?FinalSymbol=A%2FHRC%2F40%2F70&amp;Language=E&amp;DeviceType=Desktop&amp;LangRequested=False\">https:\/\/undocs.org\/Home\/Mobile?FinalSymbol=A%2FHRC%2F40%2F70&amp;Language=E&amp;DeviceType=Desktop&amp;LangRequested=False<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref49\" name=\"_ftn49\">[49]<\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0635\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a &#8211; \u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 2022: \u062c\u064a\u0644 \u0636\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u064a\u0646. \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a. (\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637: 9 \u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\/ \u0646\u0648\u0641\u0645\u0628\u0631 2022).<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/openknowledge.worldbank.org\/handle\/10986\/37617\">https:\/\/openknowledge.worldbank.org\/handle\/10986\/37617<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref50\" name=\"_ftn50\">[50]<\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 150\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 42\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0628. (\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637: 10 \u0623\u064a\u0627\u0631\/\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0648 2023). <a href=\"https:\/\/ihl-databases.icrc.org\/ar\/customary-ihl\/v1\/rule150\">https:\/\/ihl-databases.icrc.org\/ar\/customary-ihl\/v1\/rule150<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref51\" name=\"_ftn51\">[51]<\/a> \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629: \u062c\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c 25 \u0623\u064a\u0627\u0631\/ \u0645\u0627\u064a\u0648 2013. (\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637: 10 \u0623\u064a\u0627\u0631\/\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0648 2023). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ictj.org\/ar\/node\/16978\">https:\/\/www.ictj.org\/ar\/node\/16978<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref52\" name=\"_ftn52\">[52]<\/a>\u0643\u062a\u064a\u0628: \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0623\u063a\u0633\u0637\u0633\/\u0627\u0628 2014\u060c \u0635 19 (\u0627\u062e\u0631 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637 8 \u0623\u064a\u0627\u0631\/ \u0645\u0627\u064a\u0648 2023). <a href=\"https:\/\/dawlaty.org\/publications\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d8%af%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d9%86%d8%aa%d9%82%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%b3%d9%88%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%a7\/\">https:\/\/dawlaty.org\/publications\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d8%af%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d9%86%d8%aa%d9%82%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%b3%d9%88%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%a7\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref53\" name=\"_ftn53\">[53]<\/a>\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644: \u0628\u064a\u062a\u0631 \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0648\u062a\u0627 (\u0627\u062e\u0631 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0648\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064a)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0643 \u0648\u0631\u0641\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0627\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627. \u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0629 (\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627). Truth and Reconciliation Commission South Africa. (\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637: 10 \u0623\u064a\u0627\u0631\/\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0648 2023). <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Truth_and_Reconciliation_Commission_(South_Africa)\">https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82%D8%A9_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A9_(%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8_%D8%A5%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A7)<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref54\" name=\"_ftn54\">[54]<\/a> \u062a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 1990 \u0623\u0633\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a. \u062a\u0623\u0633\u0633\u062a \u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0629 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1999 \u0644\u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636 \u0636\u062d\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0633\u0641\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0631\u064a. \u0623\u0648\u0635\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0628\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629. \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0633 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0635\u0627\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0633\u0646\u0629 2003\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0635\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062d. \u062a\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1956 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 2004. \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0648\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062c\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref55\" name=\"_ftn55\">[55]<\/a> \u0646\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0632\u0643\u0627\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0647\u0634\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0648\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f 47\u060c \u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\/ \u0646\u0648\u0641\u0645\u0628\u0631 2020. \u0635 57- 72. (\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637: 10 \u0623\u064a\u0627\u0631\/\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0648 2023). <a href=\"https:\/\/siyasatarabiya.dohainstitute.org\/ar\/issue047\/pages\/issuehome.aspx\">https:\/\/siyasatarabiya.dohainstitute.org\/ar\/issue047\/pages\/issuehome.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref56\" name=\"_ftn56\">[56]<\/a> \u0623\u0646\u0634\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0648 \u0627\u064a\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1990 \u0628\u0645\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u0631\u0626\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0639\u0631\u0641\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 (\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0631\u064a\u062a\u0646\u063a\/Retting commission)\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0643\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0631 \u0636\u062d\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u063a\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0648\u0642\u0639\u062a \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 17 \u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0648\u063a\u0633\u062a\u0648 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0648\u0634\u064a\u0647\u060c\u0641\u064a \u0634\u0628\u0627\u0637 \/ \u0641\u0628\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0631 1991\u060c \u0623\u0635\u062f\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0641\u0635\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0643\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0633\u0641\u0631\u062a \u0639\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0641\u0627\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a. \u0648\u0648\u0641\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0642\u064f\u062a\u0644 2296 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u0627\u064b \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0640 17 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b. \u0648\u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0642\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 3400. \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0642\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0642\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0634\u0624\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0642\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0646: https:\/\/www.icmp.int\/ar\/where-we-work\/the-americas\/latin-america-and-the-caribbean\/chile\/ (\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637 22 \u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\/ \u0623\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631 2022)<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref57\" name=\"_ftn57\">[57]<\/a> \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628. \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f 5 \u2013 \u0634\u0628\u0627\u0637\/\u0641\u0628\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0631 2020. \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a. (\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637: 10 \u0623\u064a\u0627\u0631\/\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0648 2023). <a href=\"https:\/\/online.flippingbook.com\/view\/267413\/26\/#zoom=true\">https:\/\/online.flippingbook.com\/view\/267413\/26\/#zoom=true<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>1.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u062e\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0629: \u062a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0647\u064a &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629&#8221;\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0632&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":12,"featured_media":21648,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"link","meta":{"_lmt_disableupdate":"","_lmt_disable":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[375,1480,1481,376],"tags":[774,725,746,1141,346,229],"class_list":["post-21642","post","type-post","status-publish","format-link","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-375","category-1480","category-1481","category-376","tag-774","tag-725","tag-746","tag-1141","tag-346","tag-229","post_format-post-format-link"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.8 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ 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